The policy led by a large number of developing countries, with the aim of increasing indirect taxes, has opened the issue of Value Added Tax (VAT) efficiency. Reforms of tax systems of developing countries generally involve an increase in standard rates in order to increase VAT, which is the main source of public revenues. In such a way, developing countries determine the VAT efficiency and the amount of revenue that could be collected by indirect taxation. The article sums up works of different scientists, dealing with the impact of determinants on VAT efficiency. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the factors that influence the C efficiency ratio. The main objective of the paper is to analize the impact of the change in the standard rate on the ratio. Theoretical analyses of standard rates and other factors that have reflections on the VAT collection efficiency explicitly prove that there are different ways to improve the efficiency of VAT collection, and exclude an increase in the standard rate. An increase in the standard rate provides a balance of negative effects, which can be blurred by recorded tax revenues. We focused on the countries of the European Union: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Croatia, Latvia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania during the 2000-2016 period. These countries experienced significant changes in government during economic transformation, and where VAT is the main source of public revenues. The last section analize an increse in VAT rate and C efficiency ratio in Serbia and conteins conclusions. The paper indicates the imperfection of inadequately defined VAT rates on economic growth and development in analized countries. Based on analyses we can conclude that the increase in the standard rate have negative reflections on the VAT efficiency, and that it was one of the factors of the continuous decline in C-efficiency.

In modern business, achieving a high level of efficiency and optimal company performance becomes crucial for maintaining a competitive advantage. Accordingly, financial benchmarking is an indispensable tool in business evaluation, enabling organizations to systematically and continuously measure and compare their own organizational business processes in relation to the business processes of leaders around the world. Therefore, this paper is dedicated to a deeper analysis of the efficiency and performance of hotels in the Republic of Srpska through the application of financial benchmarking. The goal of the research is to understand the factors that influence the efficiency and performance of hotels in the Republic of Srpska through financial benchmarking, with a focus on identifying value drivers, all for the purpose of improving the company's performance. Through a detailed analysis of financial reports and relevant indicators, the research will provide insight into the current situation in the sector, identify potential areas of improvement and contribute to the overall improvement of the hotel industry's competitiveness in the region. For the purpose of analysis, two hotels in Republic of Srpska were selected that meet the conditions to be the subject of this analysis through financial benchmarking. Accordingly, annual financial reports were used, as well as other data from the stock market related to the shares and dividends of the observed hotels for a period of three years, from 2020 to 2022.

In the contemporary business environment, traditional accounting systems, such as double-entry bookkeeping, face increasing criticism due to growing demands for transparency and security in financial transactions. While double-entry bookkeeping remains the foundation of modern accounting practices, its limitations are increasingly evident in the context of complex business operations and the need for robust safeguards against errors and fraud. This paper explores triple-entry accounting as an advanced alternative, leveraging blockchain technology to enhance transparency, security, and efficiency. By incorporating a third party into traditional T-accounts through a unique transaction identifier (hash), the system enables both accurate transaction recording and real-time verification, significantly reducing risks of manipulation and errors. Although the concept of triple-entry bookkeeping is not new, its revival is noteworthy given recent technological advancements. These innovations introduce a paradigm shift in financial reporting, with the potential to fundamentally transform business practices. Through a case study, this research examines the practical application of this system in real-world settings, highlighting both its benefits and challenges. The findings suggest that triple-entry accounting has the potential to significantly enhance existing practices, offering deeper insights into financial operations, better risk management, and increased reliability of financial statements. This study establishes a foundation for further research, paving the way for the broader adoption of advanced accounting models. Such models are essential for meeting the escalating demands of modern business complexities.